The point (0, 0).

Point2d.origin
--> Point2d ( 0, 0 )

Construct a point halfway between two other points.

p1 =
    Point2d ( 1, 1 )


p2 =
    Point2d ( 3, 7 )


Point2d.midpoint p1 p2
--> Point2d ( 2, 4 )

Construct a point by interpolating between two other points based on a parameter that ranges from zero to one.

startPoint =
    Point2d.origin


endPoint =
    Point2d ( 8, 12 )


Point2d.interpolate startPoint endPoint 0.25
--> Point2d ( 2, 3 )

Partial application may be useful:

interpolatedPoint : Float -> Point2d
interpolatedPoint =
    Point2d.interpolate startPoint endPoint


List.map interpolatedPoint [ 0, 0.5, 1 ]
--> [ Point2d ( 0, 0 )
--> , Point2d ( 4, 6 )
--> , Point2d ( 8, 12 )
--> ]

You can pass values less than zero or greater than one to extrapolate:

interpolatedPoint -0.5
--> Point2d ( -4, -6 )


interpolatedPoint 1.25
--> Point2d ( 10, 15 )

Construct a point along an axis at a particular distance from the axis' origin point.

Point2d.along Axis2d.y 3
--> Point2d ( 0, 3 )

Positive and negative distances will be interpreted relative to the direction of the axis:

horizontalAxis =
    Axis2d
        { originPoint = Point2d ( 1, 1 )
        , direction = Direction2d ( -1, 0 )
        }


Point2d.along horizontalAxis 3
--> Point2d ( -2, 1 )


Point2d.along horizontalAxis -3
--> Point2d ( 4, 1 )

Get the coordinates of a point as a tuple.

( x, y ) =
    Point2d.coordinates point

To get the polar coordinates of a point, you can use Elm's built-in toPolar function:

( radius, angle ) =
    toPolar (Point2d.coordinates point)

Get the X coordinate of a point.

Point2d.xCoordinate (Point2d ( 2, 3 ))
--> 2

Get the Y coordinate of a point.

Point2d.yCoordinate (Point2d ( 2, 3 ))
--> 3

Compare two points within a tolerance. Returns true if the distance between the two given points is less than the given tolerance.

firstPoint =
    Point2d ( 1, 2 )


secondPoint =
    Point2d ( 0.9999, 2.0002 )


Point2d.equalWithin 1e-3 firstPoint secondPoint
--> True


Point2d.equalWithin 1e-6 firstPoint secondPoint
--> False

Find the vector from one point to another.

startPoint =
    Point2d ( 1, 1 )


endPoint =
    Point2d ( 4, 5 )


Point2d.vectorFrom startPoint endPoint
--> Vector2d ( 3, 4 )

Find the distance between two points.

p1 =
    Point2d ( 2, 3 )


p2 =
    Point2d ( 5, 7 )


Point2d.distanceFrom p1 p2
--> 5

Partial application can be useful:

points =
    [ Point2d ( 3, 4 )
    , Point2d ( 10, 0 )
    , Point2d ( -1, 2 )
    ]


distanceFromOrigin : Point2d -> Float
distanceFromOrigin =
    Point2d.distanceFrom Point2d.origin


List.sortBy distanceFromOrigin points
--> [ Point2d ( -1, 2 )
--> , Point2d ( 3, 4 )
--> , Point2d ( 10, 0 )
--> ]

Find the square of the distance from one point to another. squaredDistanceFrom is slightly faster than distanceFrom, so for example

Point2d.squaredDistanceFrom p1 p2 > tolerance * tolerance

is equivalent to but slightly more efficient than

Point2d.distanceFrom p1 p2 > tolerance

since the latter requires a square root under the hood. In many cases, however, the speed difference will be negligible and using distanceFrom is much more readable!

Determine how far along an axis a particular point lies. Conceptually, the point is projected perpendicularly onto the axis, and then the distance of this projected point from the axis' origin point is measured. The result will be positive if the projected point is ahead the axis' origin point and negative if it is behind, with 'ahead' and 'behind' defined by the direction of the axis.

axis =
    Axis2d
        { originPoint = Point2d ( 1, 2 )
        , direction = Direction2d.x
        }


point =
    Point2d ( 3, 3 )


Point2d.distanceAlong axis point
--> 2


Point2d.distanceAlong axis Point2d.origin
--> -1

Find the perpendicular distance of a point from an axis. The result will be positive if the point is to the left of the axis and negative if it is to the right, with the forwards direction defined by the direction of the axis.

-- A horizontal axis through a point with a Y
-- coordinate of 2 is effectively the line Y=2
axis =
    Axis2d
        { originPoint = Point2d ( 1, 2 )
        , direction = Direction2d.x
        }


point =
    Point2d ( 3, 3 )


-- Since the axis is in the positive X direction,
-- points above the axis are to the left (positive)
Point2d.signedDistanceFrom axis point
-->  1


-- and points below are to the right (negative)
Point2d.signedDistanceFrom axis Point2d.origin
--> -2

This means that flipping an axis will also flip the sign of the result of this function:

-- Flipping an axis reverses its direction
flippedAxis =
    Axis2d.flip axis


Point2d.signedDistanceFrom flippedAxis point
--> -1


Point2d.signedDistanceFrom flippedAxis Point2d.origin
--> 2

Perform a uniform scaling about the given center point. The center point is given first and the point to transform is given last. Points will contract or expand about the center point by the given scale. Scaling by a factor of 1 is a no-op, and scaling by a factor of 0 collapses all points to the center point.

centerPoint =
    Point2d ( 1, 1 )


point =
    Point2d ( 2, 3 )


Point2d.scaleAbout centerPoint 3 point
--> Point2d ( 4, 7 )


Point2d.scaleAbout centerPoint 0.5 point
--> Point2d ( 1.5, 2 )

Avoid scaling by a negative scaling factor - while this may sometimes do what you want it is confusing and error prone. Try a combination of mirror and/or rotation operations instead.

Rotate around a given center point counterclockwise by a given angle (in radians). The point to rotate around is given first and the point to rotate is given last.

centerPoint =
    Point2d ( 2, 0 )


angle =
    degrees 45


point =
    Point2d ( 3, 0 )


Point2d.rotateAround centerPoint angle point
--> Point2d ( 2.7071, 0.7071 )

Translate a point by a given displacement.

point =
    Point2d ( 3, 4 )


displacement =
    Vector2d ( 1, 2 )


Point2d.translateBy displacement point
--> Point2d ( 4, 6 )

Mirror a point across an axis. The result will be the same distance from the axis but on the opposite side.

point =
    Point2d ( 2, 3 )


Point2d.mirrorAcross Axis2d.x point
--> Point2d ( 2, -3 )


Point2d.mirrorAcross Axis2d.y point
--> Point2d ( -2, 3 )

Project a point perpendicularly onto an axis.

point =
    Point2d ( 2, 3 )


Point2d.projectOnto Axis2d.x point
--> Point2d ( 2, 0 )


Point2d.projectOnto Axis2d.y point
--> Point2d ( 0, 3 )

The axis does not have to pass through the origin:

offsetYAxis =
    Axis2d
        { originPoint = Point2d ( 1, 0 )
        , direction = Direction2d.y
        }


Point2d.projectOnto offsetYAxis point
--> Point2d ( 1, 3 )

Take a point defined in global coordinates, and return it expressed in local coordinates relative to a given reference frame.

localFrame =
    Frame2d.at (Point2d ( 1, 2 ))


Point2d.relativeTo localFrame (Point2d ( 4, 5 ))
--> Point2d ( 3, 3 )


Point2d.relativeTo localFrame (Point2d ( 1, 1 ))
--> Point2d ( 0, -1 )

Take a point defined in local coordinates relative to a given reference frame, and return that point expressed in global coordinates.

localFrame =
    Frame2d.at (Point2d ( 1, 2 ))


Point2d.placeIn localFrame (Point2d ( 3, 3 ))
--> Point2d ( 4, 5 )


Point2d.placeIn localFrame (Point2d ( 0, 1 ))
--> Point2d ( 1, 1 )

Take a point defined in 2D coordinates within a particular sketch plane and return the corresponding point in 3D.

point =
    Point2d ( 2, 1 )


Point2d.placeOnto SketchPlane3d.xy point
--> Point3d ( 2, 1, 0 )


Point2d.placeOnto SketchPlane3d.xz point
--> Point3d ( 2, 0, 1 )

The sketch plane can have any position and orientation:

tiltedSketchPlane =
    SketchPlane3d.xy
        |> SketchPlane3d.rotateAround Axis3d.x (degrees 45)


Point2d.placeOnto tiltedSketchPlane point
--> Point3d ( 2, 0.7071, 0.7071 )

Construct a bounding box containing both of the given points.

point1 =
    Point2d ( 2, 3 )


point2 =
    Point2d ( -1, 5 )


Point2d.hull point1 point2
--> BoundingBox2d
-->     { minX = -1
-->     , maxX = 2
-->     , minY = 3
-->     , maxY = 5
-->     }